March 4 Childhood Disorders

Review Group Communication & Discuss Abnormal Psychology

Review What is the focus of a process group? What is the focus of a content group? With respect to the roles of members, please provide examples of a) group task roles; b) group building roles; c) individual roles. In your opinion, which type of roles are needed in order to facilitate communication in a content-focused group? Why? Describe two therapeutic factors of group discussion. Describe the symptoms of Groupthink. See handouts “Groupthink”

What is the focus of a process group? What is the focus of a content group?

With respect to the roles of members, please provide examples of a) group task roles; b) group building roles; c) individual roles.

In your opinion, which type of roles are needed in order to facilitate communication in a content-focused group? Why?

Describe two therapeutic factors of group discussion.

Describe the symptoms of Groupthink. See handouts “Groupthink”

Childhood Disorders

Dimensional Models of Childhood Disorders Degree of Control Undercontrolled Overcontrolled Undercontrolled Behavior ________________________________ Overcontrolled Behavior ________________________________

Degree of Control

Undercontrolled Overcontrolled

Undercontrolled Behavior

________________________________

Overcontrolled Behavior

________________________________

Undercontrolled Behavior Attention-deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder Conduct Disorder

Attention-deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder

Conduct Disorder

Attention-deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD 3 subcategories of symptoms Poor attention Hyperactive-impulsive behavior Have both problems

or ADHD

3 subcategories of symptoms

Poor attention

Hyperactive-impulsive behavior

Have both problems

Studies on ADHD Symptoms Whalen & Henker (1985) Hyperactive children tend to miss subtle social cues _________________________ Misattribution and misinterpretation _____________________________ Therefore, hyperactive children have trouble getting along with others

Whalen & Henker (1985)

Hyperactive children tend to miss subtle social cues _________________________

Misattribution and misinterpretation _____________________________

Therefore, hyperactive children have trouble getting along with others

Studies on ADHD Symptoms Hoza et al, 2000 Procedures: boys with ADHD and boys with no diagnosis engaged in a get-acquainted task. Results: Objective raters evaluated that boys with ADHD performed poorer than control participants; boys with ADHD evaluated themselves in more positive terms Conclusion: Boys with ADHD tend to have illusory bias concerning their social behaviors.

Hoza et al, 2000

Procedures: boys with ADHD and boys with no diagnosis engaged in a get-acquainted task. Results:

Objective raters evaluated that boys with ADHD performed poorer than control participants;

boys with ADHD evaluated themselves in more positive terms

Conclusion: Boys with ADHD tend to have illusory bias concerning their social behaviors.

Studies on ADHD Symptoms Casey et al, 1996 15% to 30% of children with ADHD have a learning disability in math, reading, or spelling Barkle et al, 1990 About 50% of children with ADHD are placed in special education programs.

Casey et al, 1996

15% to 30% of children with ADHD have a learning disability in math, reading, or spelling

Barkle et al, 1990

About 50% of children with ADHD are placed in special education programs.

Problems associated with ADHD International Consensus Statement on ADHD (2002): fewer than half of those with ADHD receive treatment, while ADHD is associated with: High drop out rates No or few friends Antisocial behavior Substance abuse Contract STDs Drive at excessive speeds Have multiple car accidents

International Consensus Statement on ADHD (2002): fewer than half of those with ADHD receive treatment, while ADHD is associated with:

High drop out rates

No or few friends

Antisocial behavior

Substance abuse

Contract STDs

Drive at excessive speeds

Have multiple car accidents

Biological Theories of ADHD Genetic factors Children of parents who have ADHD are more likely to have the disorder. Adoption and twin studies suggested that genetic influence is stronger than environmental influences. Brain studies Structural: smaller frontal lobes Functional: frontal lobes under-responsive to stimulation

Genetic factors

Children of parents who have ADHD are more likely to have the disorder.

Adoption and twin studies suggested that genetic influence is stronger than environmental influences.

Brain studies

Structural: smaller frontal lobes

Functional: frontal lobes under-responsive to stimulation

Psychological Theories of ADHD Bruno Bettelheim (1973) Diathesis-stress A Child’s Predisposition: Overactivity & Moodiness Environmental Stressor: Parents who are impatient ADHD Symptoms

Bruno Bettelheim (1973)

Diathesis-stress

Conduct Disorder Symptoms violate basic rights of others and major societal norms; lack of remorse Comorbidity ADHD (30-90%) Substance abuse Anxiety and depression (15-30%)

Symptoms

violate basic rights of others and major societal norms; lack of remorse

Comorbidity

ADHD (30-90%)

Substance abuse

Anxiety and depression (15-30%)

Biological Theories of CD Genetic influence Twin studies showed mixed results: A study of 3000 Vietnam war veterans suggested that family influence is stronger than genetic. A study of 2600 twin pairs in Australia found a substantial genetic influence. Further twin studies suggest that some aggressive behaviors are heritable (I.e., cruelty towards animals); others (stealing, truancy) may not be. Neuropsychological deficits poor verbal skills, planning abilities, problem-solving skills

Genetic influence

Twin studies showed mixed results:

A study of 3000 Vietnam war veterans suggested that family influence is stronger than genetic.

A study of 2600 twin pairs in Australia found a substantial genetic influence.

Further twin studies suggest that some aggressive behaviors are heritable (I.e., cruelty towards animals); others (stealing, truancy) may not be.

Neuropsychological deficits

poor verbal skills, planning abilities, problem-solving skills

Psychological theories of CD Lack of moral awareness Verlaan et al 2002 Parental style: Lax parental discipline and parental adjustment difficulties contribute to conduct disordered behavior

Lack of moral awareness

Verlaan et al 2002

Parental style: Lax parental discipline and parental adjustment difficulties contribute to conduct disordered behavior

Psychological theories of CD Learning theories Bandura’s social learning theory People learn through the process of imitation Bobo doll study (Bandura et al, 1961): Children who witnessed an adult being aggressive with a plastic Bobo doll were observed imitating this aggression while playing with other children. Children can learn aggressiveness from parents who behave aggressively. (Bandura & Walters, 1963) Operant Conditioning - reward and punishment Aggression is an effective means to achieve a goal.

Learning theories

Bandura’s social learning theory

People learn through the process of imitation

Bobo doll study (Bandura et al, 1961): Children who witnessed an adult being aggressive with a plastic Bobo doll were observed imitating this aggression while playing with other children.

Children can learn aggressiveness from parents who behave aggressively. (Bandura & Walters, 1963)

Operant Conditioning - reward and punishment

Aggression is an effective means to achieve a goal.

Psychological theories of CD Cognitive explanation of aggressive behavior Dodge et al (1982) Perceptual Bias & Cycle of Aggression: __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

Cognitive explanation of aggressive behavior

Dodge et al (1982)

Perceptual Bias & Cycle of Aggression:

__________________________________

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