3 MANET

Time Synchronization  in 802.11-based MANETs:  Time Synchronization in 802.11-based MANETs Ten H. Lai Ohio State University Out-of-sync problem in MANETs:  Out-of-sync problem in MANETs More sever than in IBSS because of hidden terminals. Recall: causes of out-of-sync Unidirectional clocks Equal beacon opportunity Single beacon per interval Beacon contention (collision) Basic Ideas:  Basic Ideas Select a subset of nodes to generate beacons more frequently than the rest. What subset? fastest node + (connected) dominating set Dominating Sets:  Dominating Sets A set of nodes that covers the entire graph. connected dominating set Constructing CDS’s:  Constructing CDS’s Many existing algorithms. Layer 3 algorithms – useful for routing, useless for our purpose. A New CDS Algorithm:  A New CDS Algorithm Embedded in TSF (time sync function) Nodes exchanging info via beacons Overhead: 3 bits per beacon (550 bits) window beacon interval DS, Bridges, Covered, Uncovered Nodes:  DS, Bridges, Covered, Uncovered Nodes DS Constructing a CDS: basic idea:  Constructing a CDS: basic idea Initially, DS contains a single node. The fastest node enters DS. Bridges keep entering DS until no more bridges. DS Design Issue #1:  Design Issue #1 How to recognize the fastest node, bridges, DS nodes, covered nodes, uncovered nodes thru beacons? SA Timestamp Beacon Design Issue #2:  Design Issue #2 How to minimize the number of bridges entering DS? Design Issue #3:  Design Issue #3 Cope with topology change and node mobility. B A A B Design Issue #4:  Design Issue #4 How to merge two subnets? Easy & hard. ? Design Issue #5: MANET Formation:  Design Issue #5: MANET Formation How to form a MANET from scratch? ? Another way of MANET formation:  Another way of MANET formation ? Assumptions:  Assumptions Formation: MANET initiated by a single node. Connectivity: MANET remains connected. Summary of Design Issues:  Summary of Design Issues How to recognize the fastest node and bridges? How to control the number of bridges entering DS? How to cope with topology change and node mobility? How to merge subnets? Initialization:  Initialization Rule 1: Let the starting node enter the DS. Slide18:  Rule 2: A node x recognizes itself as the fastest if T(beacons) < T(x) for the last k received beacons. The fastest enters DS Am I the Fastest? 1:00 12:01 3:45 8.16 1.00 1.01 7:59 1.01 0:59 1:33 1:32 1:31 1:31 1:30 1.00 10:01 1:35 Solution for Design Issue #1 :  Solution for Design Issue #1 How to recognize fastest node and bridges, DS nodes, covered nodes, uncovered nodes thru beacons? SA Timestamp Beacon Adding Bridges to DS:  Adding Bridges to DS Rule 3: In each beacon interval, let bridge i enter DS with probability P(i). Desired properties of P(i)? DS Does it construct a CDS?:  Does it construct a CDS? R1. The starting node enters DS. R2. The fastest node enters DS. R3. Each bridge enters DS with a probability. DS, yes. CDS, not necessarily. How to make it connected?:  How to make it connected? Gateway: a covered node receiving a beacon from a DS node with a far smaller timing. Rule 4: Let gateways enter DS. 12:05 12:04 12:03 12:32 12:30 12:20 How fast can gateways be recognized?:  How fast can gateways be recognized? Depends on the drift rate between fastest node and A. The higher the drift rate, the easier and faster to recognize gateways. A Is the resulting DS always connected?:  Is the resulting DS always connected? Not necessarily Not a problem as far as clock sync is concerned. What if we do need a connected DS?:  What if we do need a connected DS? Is it possible to always construct a CDS using only beacons? Yes Complicated A problem: entrance only, no exit.:  A problem: entrance only, no exit. R1. The starting node enters DS. R2. The fastest node enters DS. R3. Each bridge enters DS with a probability. R4. Each gateway enters DS. Exit Rules:  Exit Rules R1. The starting node enters DS. R2. The fastest node enters DS. R3. Each bridge enters DS with a probability. R4. Each gateway enters DS. R2’. If no longer the fastest, leaves the DS. Exit Rules:  Exit Rules R1. The starting node enters DS. R2. The fastest node enters DS. R3. Each bridge enters DS with a probability. R4. Each gateway enters DS. R3’ & R4’. Leaves DS after a random amount of time. 802.11 TSF max time drift:  802.11 TSF max time drift DS-Based TSF:  DS-Based TSF Problem, Problem, Problem!:  Problem, Problem, Problem! ??? A different approach (ASP):  A different approach (ASP) A Clock Synchronization Algorithm for Multihop Wireless Ad Hoc networks J.P. Sheu, C.M. Chao, C.W. Sun, NCU ICDCS’04 Basic Idea 1:  Basic Idea 1 Adjust C(x) according to x’s rank in speed in its neighborhood. N(x) = number of neighbors Slower(x) = number of slower neighbors C(x) = {max(1, N(x)) / max(1, Slower(x))}^α x Basic Idea 2:  Basic Idea 2 Automatic self-time-correcting Suppose t2-t1 > t2’-t1’ (T > T’) B falls behind A by T-T’ per T’ μs, or 1 μs per k = T’ / T-T’ μs B moves its clock 1 μs ahead per each k μs Clock A Clock B t1 t2 t1’ t2’ T T’ A subtle detail:  A subtle detail In measuring T, A should not be synchronized between t1 and t2. Same for B? Variable SyncNum Carries SyncNum in beacon Clock A Clock B t1 t2 t1’ t2’ T T’ Automatic Self-Time-Correcting:  Automatic Self-Time-Correcting MATSF (to be presented at MASS’05):  MATSF (to be presented at MASS’05) ASP (ICDCS’04):  ASP (ICDCS’04) Summary:  Summary Proposed: a DS-based clock sync protocol By-product: an algorithm for constructing DS. DS: mostly connected, occasionally not. A different approach What’s next?